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1.
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a.
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N. + 에 관해(서)/관하여
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=> "about," "concerning"
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b.
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N. + 에 관한
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=> "about," "on"
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The adverbial phrase -에 관해(서) or the alternative
form -에 관하여 is followed by a verbal clause. The noun modifier -에 관한 is followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
(a)
- 졸업한 후 무엇을 할 지, 장래에 관해서 생각해 봤어요?
=> Have you thought about what you are going to do after the
graduation?
- 미국 정치에 관해 공부하고 있어요.
=> I am studying about Korean culture.
- 한국의 역사에 관해서 논문을 쓰고 있어요.
=> I am writing a paper on Korean history.
(b)
- 한국의 문화에 관한 논문을 쓰고 있어요.
=> I am writing about Korean culture.
- 친구에 관한 문제로 의논하고 싶어.
=> I'd like to talk about my friend.
- 그 담배에 관한 책을 찾아봐야지.
=> I'd better look for a book on cigarettes.
| 2.
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Verbs with 가다 and 오다
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| V. + (어/아) 오다
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| => "to do . . . and bring"
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V. + (어/아) 가다
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| => "to do . . . and take," "to progress/go . . . (ADV.)"
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-어/아 오다 and -어/아 가다 are useful helping verbs to indicate the direction of the main verb. There is no one-word verb for "to take" or "to bring" in Korean, but their equivalent expressions are
가져 가다 "to have and go" and 가져 오다 "to have and come." Similarly, Korean has 사 오다 for "to buy and bring," 캐 오다 for "to dig up and bring," and so on. (See the helping verbs chart in
L14, GN7.)
| 잘 해 오다 |
to do well and bring |
잘 해 가다 |
to make well and take |
| 요약해 오다 |
to summarize and bring |
세계적 |
to summarize and bring |
| 가져 오다 |
to bring, to fetch |
가져 가다 |
to take away |
| 사 오다 |
to buy and bring |
사 가다 |
to buy and take |
| 물어 오다 |
to bring by mouth
(of dog, cat, and so on) |
물어 가다 |
to carry away by mouth |
| 알아 오다 |
to bring back findings |
알아 가다 |
to take back findings |
| 집어 오다 |
to pick up and bring |
집어 가다 |
to pick up by hand and take away |
| 씻어 오다 |
to wash and bring |
씻어 가다 |
to wash and take away |
| 싸 오다 |
to bring wrapped |
싸 가다 |
to take wrapped |
| 찾아 오다 |
to come to visit |
찾아 가다 |
to go to visit |
| 끌어 오다 |
to bring by dragging |
끌어 가다 |
to drag away |
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For some verbs, -어/아 가다 indicates that the action or event is "progressing (well/slowly/fast)," as in 잘 되어 간다 "it is going well" or "it is coming to (an end)," and as in 일이 끝나 간다 "the job is coming to an end."
| 3. |
Causative suffixes 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, and 추
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These are suffixes to "cause" or "make" the actions happen; they turn certain verbs into causative verbs. Other ways to make the actions happen, although the meanings may differ, are to use -게 하다 "make (someone) do . . ." for all verbs, as shown in
L25, GN2, and -시키다 for some verbs, as shown in
L22, GN6.
- 대통령에게 나라를 맡긴다.
=> The president is entrusted with the nation.
- 학생에게 책을 읽혔다.
=> (I) made the students read books.
- 부모님이 재산을 늘리셨다.
=> My parents increased their assets.
- 동생에게 심부름을 시켰다.
=> (I) sent my little brother on an errand.
There are approximately 132 verbs that can be made into a causative verb using the
suffixes 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, and 추. The 40 most common of these verbs are listed in the causative verbs chart in
item 7 below. (Note that the suffixes 이, 히, 리, and 기 are also passive
suffixes, as described in
L15, GN4).
| 4. |
A.V. + 기에(는)
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| => "as," "as for" |
보다, 듣다, 알다, and 생각하다 are frequently used verbs in this construction. It expresses the speaker's experience or opinion.
- 제가 보기에는 이 책은 학생들에게 좋은 것 같아요.
=> In my view, this book seems to be good for the students.
- 어머니께서 듣기에는 진씨의 건강이 좋아졌대요.
=> As my mother understands it, Mr. Chin's health has gotten better.
- 제가 알기에는 내년부터는 대학 시험이 없어진다고 합니다.
=> As far as I know, there will be no college entrance exam, beginning next year.
- 제가 생각하기에는 대통령의 계획을 따르는 것이 좋겠어요.
=> In my opinion, it will be good to go along withthe president's plan.
| 5.
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A.V. + 는 동안(에)
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| => "while," "during," "when"
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This construction indicates a duration of time in which an action or an event occurs.
- 한국에서 사는 동안 친구를 많이 사귀었어요.
=> I made many friends while I was living in Korea.
- 기다리시는 동안 이 잡지를 읽으시겠어요?
=> Would you like to read this magazine while you wait?
- 내가 자는 동안에 눈이 많이 내렸어.
=> While I was sleeping, a heavy snow fell.
- 내가 학교에 간 동안에 친구가 왔었다.
=> While I was at school, a friend of mine came.
| 6.
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a.
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V. + ㄴ/은/는 대신(에)
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| => "in place of," "instead of," "but"
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b.
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N. + 대신(에)
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| => "instead of," "as a replacement"
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대신 literally means "substitution," "proxy," or "surrogate," but it also means "in exchange for" or "as a trade-off," as shown in these examples:
(a)
- 그 물건은 비싼 대신 튼튼해요.
=> That item is expensive but sturdy.
- 날씨가 맑은 대신 추워요.
=> The weather is beautiful, but it's cold.
- 전화를 거는 대신 편지를 쓰기로 했다.
=> Instead of calling, I will write a letter.
(b)
- 회의에 저 대신 좀 가 주시겠어요?
=> Would you mind going to the meeting in my place?
- 선물로 책 대신 스카프를 샀어.
=> As a gift, I bought a scarf instead of a book.
- 친구에게 전화 대신 편지를 했어요.
=> I wrote my friend a letter rather than calling him.
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