Appendix 1
  Appendix 2
  Appendix 3
  Appendix 4
  Appendix 5
 
Appendix 1
°ÝÁ¶»ç¿Í ÈÄÄ¡»ç  <CASE MARKERS AND POSTPOSITIONS>

1. ÀÌ/°¡/²²¼­
2. Àº/´Â
3. À»/¸¦
4. ¿¡
5. ¿¡¼­
6. ¿¡°Ô/²²/ÇÑÅ×
7. ¿¡°Ô¼­/ ÇÑÅ×¼­/(À¸)·Î ºÎÅÍ
8. (À¸)·Î
9. ¿Í/°ú
10. ÀÇ
Case markers, postpositions, or particles indicate the grammatical relationship of the words in a sentence and often come in pairs, one for after the consonant-ending nouns and the other for after the vowel-ending nouns. Some come in honorific forms as well. The following list gives most of the case markers that are found in everyday speech.

1. ÀÌ/°¡/²²¼­

This subject marker indicates the subject of a sentence.


  • -ÀÌ comes after a consonant => Ã¥ÀÌ, ÇлýÀÌ, ±³¼ö´ÔÀÌ
  • -°¡ comes after a vowel => ±³Æ÷°¡, °­Àǰ¡, ¹®È­°¡
  • -²²¼­ honorific subject marker => ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­, ¾î¸Ó´Ï²²¼­, Çϳª´Ô²²¼­
¡ãTop
2. Àº/´Â

This topic marker indicates the topic of a sentence.


  • -Àº comes after a consonant => Ã¥ ³»¿ëÀº ÁÁ´Ù.
  • -´Â comes after a vowel => °­ÀÇ´Â Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Ù.
¡ãTop
3. À»/¸¦

This form is a direct object marker.


  • -À» comes after a consonant => ¿µ»ç°üÀ» ã¾Ò´Ù.
  • -¸¦ comes after a vowel => ¼­¿ï °¡´Â °í¼Óµµ·Î¸¦ ÀØ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù.
¡ãTop
4. ¿¡

a. This marker indicates "at," "in," or "on" (time and space).

  • Çб³¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. 
  • Ã¥»ó À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. 
  • 9¿ù¿¡ °³ÇÐÇÑ´Ù. 
  • 1 ½Ã¿¡ ¿Ô´Ù.

b. It indicates "to" (direction or destination).

  •  Çб³¿¡ °£´Ù. 
¡ãTop
5. ¿¡¼­

a. This marker indicates "at," "in" or "on" for an action verb.

  • Áý¿¡¼­ Ã¥À» Àд´Ù.
  • ¼­¿ï¿¡¼­ ½ÉûÀü ¿µÈ­¸¦ ºÃ´Ù. 

b. It means "from" a place or time.

  •  Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ¿Â´Ù. 
  • 1½Ã¿¡¼­ 2½Ã±îÁö ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
¡ãTop
6. ¿¡°Ô/²²/ÇÑÅ×

This marker indicates "to" a person (indirect object, dative marker).


  • -¿¡°Ô means "to (a person)" => Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô Ã¥À» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
  • -²² honorific form of ¿¡°Ô => ¾Æ¹öÁö²² Ã¥À» µå·È´Ù.
  • -ÇÑÅ× (colloquial) means "to (a person)" => ¼±»ý´ÔÇÑÅ× ¹°¾îºÃ´Ù.
  • -´õ·¯ (colloqquial) means "to (a person)" => ³ª´õ·¯ ¿À¶ó°í ±×·¨´Ù.
¡ãTop
7. ¿¡°Ô¼­/ ÇÑÅ×¼­/(À¸)·Î ºÎÅÍ

This marker indicates "from" a person (ablative). 


  • -¿¡°Ô¼­ means "from (a person)" => °úÀå´Ô¿¡°Ô¼­ ¼±¹°À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
  • -ÇÑÅ×¼­ (colloquial) means "from (a person)" => Ä£±¸ÇÑÅ×¼­ ÀüÈ­°¡ ¿Ô´Ù.
  • -(À¸)·ÎºÎÅÍ means "from" => â¼ö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ÒÆ÷°¡ ¿Ô´Ù.
¡ãTop
8. (À¸)·Î

a. This marker indicates "with (something)."

  • ¿¬ÇÊ·Î ÆíÁö¸¦ ½è´Ù. 
  • ¸ÁÄ¡·Î ¸øÀ» ¹Ú´Â´Ù. 

b. It indicates "by means of." 

  • Â÷·Î ½Ã°ñ¿¡ ³»·Á°¬´Ù. 
  • ºñÇà±â·Î ¿Â´Ù.

c. It indicates "by way of." 

  • ÇÏ¿ÍÀÌ·Î ÇØ¼­ ¼­¿ï¿¡ °£´Ù. 

d. It indicates "as." 

  • À¯ÇлýÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ¿Ô´Ù.

e. It indicates "in the direction of." 

  • ÀúÂÊÀ¸·Î °¡¼¼¿ä. 
  • Çб³ ¿·À¸·Î °©´Ï´Ù.
¡ãTop
9. ¿Í/°ú

This marker means "and" and connects two nouns. It must be remembered that this pair does not follow the rule of "consonant after a vowel and vowel after a consonant." Instead, the vowel (¿Í) comes after a vowel, and the consonant (°ú) comes after a consonant.


  • -¿Í comes after a vowel => ±³¼ö¿Í Çлý
  • -°ú comes after a consonant => °³Çнİú Á¹¾÷½Ä
  • -Çϰí means "and, with, together" => ¼öÁøÀ̴ â¼öÇϰí Áý¿¡ °¬´Ù.
  • -(ÀÌ)¶û (colloquial) means "and" => µ¿»ýÀ̶û ¾ð´Ï¶û °°ÀÌ ³î¾Ò´Ù.
¡ãTop
10. ÀÇ

This marker is pronounced [¿¡] when used as a possessive ("-'s" or "of").


  • Ä£±¸ÀÇ ¹æ pronounced [α¸¿¡ ¹æ]
  • ³ª¶óÀÇ ¿ª»ç pronounced [³ª¶ó¿¡ ¿ª»ç]
¡ãTop
Copyright (c) All Rights reserved. University of California, Berkeley