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( Patterns and Grammar Notes )
1.  N. + À»/¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©(¼­)

=> "by way of," "through"

-À»/¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©(¼­) or -À»/¸¦ ÅëÇØ(¼­) indicates a conduit or a medium that can be either abstract or concrete.

Abstract 

  • Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀ» ÅëÇØ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ¼ÒÁßÇÔÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 
    => People learned the value of peace through the Korean War. 
  • ±â¼÷»ç »ýȰÀ» ÅëÇØ Ä£±¸¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ¸¸³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 
    => I made many friends through living in the dormitory.

Concrete 

  • ºÎ»êÀ» ÅëÇØ ¼öÃâÀÔǰµéÀÌ µé¾î¿À°í ³ª°£´Ù. 
    => Imports and exports are coming in and going out through Pusan.
  • Ä£±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±× »ç¶÷À» ¼Ò°³¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 
    => He was introduced to me by my friend. 
  • º¸°í¼­ ÀÛ¼ºÀ» ÇÏ·Á¸é ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀڷḦ ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 
    => To make a report, we have to find the material through a computer.


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2.  V. + ±â/°Ô ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù 

=> "it is expected," "it is only natural that . . ."

-±â ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù and -°Ô ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù are used interchangeably, although -°Ô ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù is considered to be the standard form.

  • ÀÌ±ä »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÑÅÎ ³»±â ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù. 
    => The winner is expected to treat (others).
  • ±Ý¿äÀÏ¿¡´Â ±³ÅëÀÌ º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù. 
    => It's expected that the traffic will be congested on Fridays. 
  • ÇлýÀº ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾ø±â ¸¶·ÃÀ̾ß. 
    => Students are expected to be busy.


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3.  N. + ¿¡ ºñÇØ(¼­) . . . (V. + ¤¤/Àº/´Â ÆíÀÌ´Ù)

=> "compared with . . . , (it is on the side of) . . ." 

This comparative construction indicates that something is "somewhat better / worse / more / less than . . . ," and -ÆíÀÌ´Ù indicates a small degree of difference.

  • ±âÂ÷Ç¥´Â ºñÇà±âÇ¥¿¡ ºñÇØ °ªÀÌ ½Ñ ÆíÀÌ´Ù. 
    => Train tickets are somewhat cheaper than airplane tickets.
  • ÀϺ»¿¡ ºñÇØ ¹Ì±¹Àº ¹°°¡°¡ ½Î¿ä. 
    => Compared with those in Japan, the prices are cheaper in the United States.
  • ÀÌ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â °¡°Ý¿¡ ºñÇØ ¼º´ÉÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÆíÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 
    => Considering the price, this computer performs relatively well.
  • Ç´Â ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ºñÇØ ¾î·Á º¸¿©. 
    => Henry looks young for his age.


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4.  V. + ´Ù½ÃÇÇ

=> "as you (know, see, hear)"

-´Ù½ÃÇÇ means "as things are" or "as (the way it is)" and is most often used in the following expressions:

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¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ  "as you know"
¾Æ½Ã´Ù½ÃÇÇ "as you know" (HON.) 
º¸´Ù½ÃÇÇ "as you can see"
µè´Ù½ÃÇÇ "as you can hear"
µé¾ú´Ù½ÃÇÇ "as you heard" 
  • ³Êµµ ¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ ³»ÀÏÀÌ ¸¶À̾ßÀÇ »ýÀÏÀ̾ß. 
    => As you know, tomorrow is Maya's birthday.
  • ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­µµ ¾Æ½Ã´Ù½ÃÇÇ ¿äÁò °Å¸®°¡ º¹ÀâÇØ¿ä. 
    => As you (HON.) know, the streets are crowded these days. 
  • ³Êµµ º¸´Ù½ÃÇÇ ¿©±â´Â ÀÇÀÚ°¡ ¾øÁö ¾Ê´Ï. 
    => As you can see, there are no chairs here.
  • ³Êµµ µé¾ú´Ù½ÃÇÇ ¿¡¸¯ÀÌ ³»ÀÏ ¿Â´ë. 
    => As you heard, (they say) Eric is coming tomorrow.

Note that when -´Ù½ÃÇÇ is used with -ÇÏ´Ù, the -´Ù½ÃÇÇÇÏ´Ù expression has the idiomatic meaning of "almost" or "nearly."

  • ¿À´Ã ¹Ùºü¼­ ±¾´Ù½ÃÇÇ Çß¾î. 
    => I was so busy today I almost starved. 
  • ´ÊÀ»±îºÁ Çб³±îÁö ¶Ù´Ù½ÃÇÇ ÇØ¼­ °¬¾î. 
    => Afraid that I might be late, I almost ran all the way to school.


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5.  ¾î¶»°Ô µË´Ï±î? or ¾î¶»°Ô µÇÁö¿ä?

=> "how is . . . ?," "what is . . . ?"

¾î¶»°Ô and ¹«¾ù are generally translated as "how" and "what" in English, but they do not always correspond to their respective translations.

  • ¼ºÇÔÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô µÇ¼¼¿ä? 
    => What is your name? (HON.)
  • ¿À´Ã ȯÀ²Àº ¾î¶»°Ô µÇÁö¿ä? 
    => What is today's exchange rate?
  • ÀÌ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â °¡°ÝÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô µÇÁö¿ä? (or ¾ó¸¶³ª ÇÏÁö¿ä? ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏÁö¿ä?) 
    => How much is this computer?
  • ¿À´Ã ¹Ì±¹Çà ºñÇà±â ½ºÄÉÁÙÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô µÇ³ª¿ä? 
    => What's today's airplane schedule to America like?
  • ¾Æ¹ö´ÔÀº ¿¬¼¼°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô µÇ¼¼¿ä? 
    => How old is your father?


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6.  V. + ±â¸¸ Çϸé

=> "whenever," "every time," "only if"

This connective has two meanings. One indicates that "whenever" one does something, something else invariably happens; it is similar to -¤©/À» ¶§¸¶´Ù. The other indicates the conditional "only if."

a. "whenever"

  • Ä£±¸´Â ¼úÀ» ¸¶½Ã±â¸¸ Çϸé Á¹¾Æ¿ä. 
    => Whenever he drinks, my friend falls asleep.
  • ³ª´Â Â÷¸¦ Ÿ±â¸¸ Çϸé ÀáÀÌ ¿Í¿ä. 
    => Whenever I am in a car, I get sleepy.

b. "only if"

  • µ·À» ¹ú±â¸¸ Çϸé ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ Çϳª »ì °Å¾ß. 
    => Only if I make money will I buy a computer. 
  • ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ¿ë·®À» ´Ã¸®±â¸¸ Çϸé ÇÑ±Û ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 
    => Only if I add more memory to the computer can I use the Korean software.
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